• Phonation timing and motor coordination: evidence that initiation/termination of phonation and the coupling of phonation with articulation and respiration underlie most stuttering patterns, supported by replication/reevaluation studies and physiologic analyses [1], [2], [8], [12].

• Neurological and neural-processing patterns: stuttering shows distinct brain activity and cerebral dominance features, including EEG alpha asymmetries and brain potentials, implying neural processing differences underlying stuttering [16], [17], [11], [19].

• Fluency-enhancing therapies and clinical practice: multiple investigations document delayed auditory feedback, operant fluency programs, and outcome evaluation methods shaping fluency-shaping therapies [4], [9], [20], [15].

• Developmental trajectories and epidemiology: studies trace recovery rates, prevalence estimates, and developmental patterns of stuttering across school ages, highlighting natural history and demographic trends [3], [7], [13], [6].

• Perceptual processing and sensory factors in stuttering: investigations into auditory masking, dichotic listening, voice onset/termination timing, and related speech processing measures illuminate perceptual constraints in stuttering [14], [19], [10].